Navigation: Application Approaches and Advances from GPS/GNSS, Vulnerabilities, Security and Opportunities

Navigation can be viewed as merely determining position or direction, but more commonly it relies on knowledge of position or direction to control or monitor movement from one place to another. An overview of navigation foundations and approaches is provided, including the evolution of techniques up through modern navigation dominated by electronic navigation including radio, radar, and satellite. The working of global navigation satellite systems, such as GPS is considered. The utility and vulnerabilities these systems, with ever increasing reliance is discussed. The initial military uses of GPS to expansion far into civilian applications, and subsequent other GNSS are considered. The wide availability of first personal navigation has changed more than transportation, and with these applications, the potential vulnerabilities and risks. Security issues, future trends and technologies to address these, and the trends moving forward in navigation are discussed.